[Japanese] 大家的日本語 第29課 文型

文型一、動詞て形　います

（１）名詞が　動詞て形　います
　例：１－１．窓が　割れて　います。=>過去的某一狀態延伸到現在
　　　１－２．電気が　ついて　います。=>過去的某一狀態延伸到現在
　　　１－３．けさは　道が　込んで　いました。=>過去某一時間的狀態

（２）名詞は　動詞て形　います
　例：１－４．このいすは　壊れて　います。


文型二、動詞て形　しまいました。しまいます。=>該行為或事情已經結束

　例：１－５．シュミットさんが　持って来た　ワインは　全部の飲んで　しまいました。
　　　１－６．漢字の宿題は　もうやって　しまいました。
　　　１－７．昼ごはんまでに　レポートを　書いて　しまいます。

[Japanese] 大家的日本語 第28課 文型

[文型一] 動詞ます形ながら　＋　動詞
　　　　表示同時進行的兩個動作

例：１．音楽を聞きながら　食事します。
　　２．働きながら　日本語を勉強しています。


[文型二] 動詞て形　＋　います
　　　　表示某行為習慣反覆進行的意思

例：１．毎朝　ジョギングをして　います。（現在反覆進行）
　　２．子供の時、毎晩八時に　寝て　いました。（過去反覆進行）

[Japanese] 大家的日本語 第27課 文型

[文型一] 可能動詞：以第二類動詞形式變換

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　可　　能　　動　　詞　　　
　　　　　　　　　ます形　　　　禮貌形　　　　　普通型（原形）

I（五段）
　　　　　　　　　書きます　　　書けます　　　　書ける
　　　　　　　　　買います　　　買えます　　　　買える
II（上下）
　　　　　　　　　食べます　　　食べられます　　食べられる
　　　　　　　　　
III（サ変、カ変）
　　　　　　　　　来ます　　　　来られます　　　来られる
　　　　　　　　　します　　　　できます　　　　できる

[Japanese] 大家的日本語 第26課 文型

[文型一]

動詞　　　　      　》普通形
い形容詞(形容詞)    》普通形　　　　　》＋　んです(口語)
な形容詞(形容動詞)》普通形　　　　　》＋　のです(文章)  
名詞　　　　　      》～だ＝＞～な

強調說明原因、理由、根據等表達方式。


１．～んですか
（１）說話者對於看到聽到的事，推測理由和原因並進行確認時。
（２）說話者對於看到聽到的事實尋求更詳細的說明時。
（３）說話者對看到，聽到的事向聽話者詢問理由和原因時。
（４）尋求對事態的說明時
（＊）有時包含了說話者驚訝或懷疑（疑念）的情緒，以及強烈的好奇心，若運用不恰當會使聽話者不高興，要特別注意

例：
１－１－１　渡辺さんは　時々　大阪弁を　使いますね。大阪に　住んで　いた　んですか。
　　　　　　…ええ、十五歳まで　大阪に　住んで　いました。
１－１－２　面白いデザインの靴ですね。どこで　買った　んですか。
　　　　　　江戸屋ストアで　買いました。
１－１－３　どうして　遅れた　んですか。
１－１－４　どう　した　んですか。


２．～んです
（１）回答上述１‧（３）（４）的疑問句並說明原因和理由。
（２）說話者對自己說的話附加理由和原因時。
（＊）若只是說明事實時不使用。

例：
１－２－１　どうして　遅れた　んですか。
　　　　　　…バスが　来なかった　んです。
１－２－２　どうした　んですか。
　　　　　　…ちょっと　気分が　悪い　んです。
１－２－３　毎朝　新聞を　読みますか。
　　　　　　…いいえ。時間が　ない　んです。


３．～んですが、～
提起話題用，後面一般接表示委託、勸誘或請求許可的詞，此時＂＂連接上下文，表示猶豫和客氣。

例：
１－３－１　日本語で　手紙を　書いた　んですが、ちょっと　見て　いただけませんか。
１－３－２　NHKを　見学したい　んですが、どうしたら　いいですか。
１－３－３　お湯が　出ない　んですか。

[Turkish] Beginner 1 - session 4 (5/5)

FROM  HTTP://WWW.TURKISHCLASS.COM/ 

To be

The verb to be (for the ´is´ in English) is handled in a special way, it is different from the other verbs. This is also the case in Turkish, the use of the verb to be is very unique. Unlike all the other verbs, to be is expressed with suffixes. It can be in one of present tense or past tense. Let´s see it in present tense and past tense for different cases of personal pronouns. English Turkish Suffix Present tense to be i am xxx ben xxx-im -im you are xxx sen xxx-sin -sin he  \ she  |  is xxx it    / o xxx -(none) or -dir we are xxx biz xxx-iz -iz you are xxx siz xxx-siniz -siniz they are xxx onlar xxx or onlar xxx-ler none or -ler Past tense to be i was xxx ben xxx-dim -dim you were xxx sen xxx-din -din he  \ she  |  was xxx it    / o xxx-di -di we were xxx biz xxx-dik -dik you were xxx siz xxx-diniz -diniz they were xxx onlar xxx(-y)-diler (-y)-diler NOTE 1 For the third person of the present tense to be, there are two cases. One with no suffix and one with -dir. If you are making a personal statement or you are talking in a casual way, you use the no suffix case. However, if you want to make a definitive or informative statement like one in an encyclopedia, you use the suffix -dir. Both have the same meaning, and sometimes can be used interchangeably. Let´s see examples to this. This house is very big. --> Bu ev çok büyük. That is my house. --> O benim evim. He is a student. --> O bir öğrenci. Spider is an animal. --> Örümcek bir hayvandır. (The -dir case is used since this is an informative statement) Sun is larger than earth. --> Güneş dünyadan daha büyüktür. (Again, this is an informative statement) NOTE 2 When constructing the third person plural past tense form of to be, the suffix -ler can be ommitted in some cases. These are explained below:   a. Humans or objects that have no individuality take singular conjugation for third person plural. But if the speaker wants to give objects individuality then he can use plural. This would be a poetic sentence.  b. Humans and other things that have individuality (for instance animals that have names) can take either singular or plural conjugation. Usually if the subject is defined (if we known them) then we use plural conjugation. If the subject is undefined then we use singular conjugation.  NOTE 3 Since the verb to be is different for each personal pronoun, personal pronouns can be omitted in speech or writing. The meaning of person is given with this verb. To say "I am beautiful." you can use one of: "Ben güzelim." "Güzelim.". Using the personal pronoun adds the meaning of stressing person. We will use the personal pronoun in parenthesis to indicate that it is optional. Now, let´s see where to be is used: To construct a sentence with a noun or adjective instead of a verb, like in English. The verb to be is the implicit verb here. You are beautiful. --> (Sen) güzelsin. You were beautiful. --> (Sen) güzeldin. This is a house. --> Bu bir ev. That was a house. --> O bir evdi. To construct verbs in different tenses, the suffix for each tense is used with either present tense of to be or past tense of to be. Actually, it is present tense of to be in all cases except the regular past tense.

[Turkish] Beginner 1 - session 3 (3/3) 母音規則 練習名詞句的過去形

from  http://www.turkishclass.com/ 

通常使用 y 作為兩個母音間的緩衝.

-其中一例外是 -le 後綴修飾
     Example: Arabayla geldik.

-另一個例外是 -di 後綴修飾(過去句形用於名詞句型)

      Example: Bu çok güzel bir arabaydı.

Make the following noun sentences past tense by adding -dı, di, du, dü, tı, ti, tu, tü and using a y buffer after vowels.

This is the given sentence: Ali iyi bir öğrenci_.

This is the your answer: Ali iyi bir öğrenciydi.

單字

Yemek  food
pizza  pizza

gün  day

yıl  year

yaşındayım  years old
futbolcu  footballer

bir/dört/beş

lezzetli  delicious

güzel  beautiful

kısa  short

bütün  all

geçen  last

Bu  this

nasıldı  how was the

前面課程曾出現的單字

kötü  bad
Film  film

[Turkish] Beginner 1 - session 3 (3/3) 母音規則

from  http://www.turkishclass.com/ 


母音規則


1. 當兩個母音湊在一起時通常有兩種情況
-1.1  拿掉一個母音
my (-im) house (ev) ,  ´my house´ --> evim.
my (-im) car (araba) ,  ´my car´ -->  arabaım.  因a為硬圓母音,  -im --> -ım
但兩個母音在一起不合理, 接著若 兩母音皆相同  "-i, -ı, -u, -ü" group, 則拿掉哪一個都可以
若  一為 "-i, -ı, -u, -ü" group,  另一為 "a, e, o, ö" group,  則拿掉"-i, -ı, -u, -ü" group的母音
´my car´ -->  arabam 


-1.2  加入一個緩衝音
 (-e) to home (ev) , (to) home --> eve,  (-e) to car (araba) , (to) car --> arabaa
但兩個母音在一起不合理,  接著 這次不移除母音,  而是在兩個母音中間加上緩衝音 y

Coast --> Kıyı    |    To the coast --> Kıyı-e --> Kıyıya

Room --> Oda    |    To the room --> Oda-e --> Odaya

Ship --> Gemi    |    To the ship --> Gemi-e --> Gemiye

不過,  不是每次緩衝音都使用 y,  有時是 s 或 n


--a) 若名詞後修飾 -i
---表示特定物體時, 緩衝音使用 y
araba-i sat -> araba-y-ı sat -> arabayı sat (sell the car)
yazı-i oku -> yazı-y-ı oku -> yazıyı oku (read the text) 


---若使用於第三人稱(his-her-its),  緩衝音使用 s

araba-i -> araba-s-ı -> arabası (his-her-its car)

para-i -> para-s-ı -> parası (his-her-its money)

kedi-i -> kedi-s-i -> kedisi (his-her-its cat)

except:su-i -> su-y-u -> suyu (his-her-its water)


--b) 若名詞後修飾 -e(表示方向)
---緩衝音使用 y 

araba-e -> araba-y-a -> arabaya (to the car)

konu-e -> konu-y-a -> konuya (to the topic)

pencere-e -> pencere-y-e -> pencereye (to the window)

--c) 若名詞後修飾 -in(表示所有格) 
---緩衝音使用 n

araba-in -> araba-n-ın -> arabanın (of the car, the car´s)

konu-in -> konu-n-un -> konunun (of the topic)

pencere-in -> pencere-n-in -> pencerenin (of the window)

若-in使用於第二人稱,  則 i 拿掉不用
第一人稱所有格修飾之 -im 同規則

第一人稱複數所有格修飾之 -imiz 同規則

第二人稱複數所有格修飾之 -iniz 同規則

araba-im -> araba-m -> arabam (my car)

kedi-in -> kedi-n -> kedin (your cat)

kapı-imiz -> kapı-mız -> kapımız (our door)

para-iniz -> para-nız -> paranız (your (plural) money)

pencere-im -> pencere-m -> pencerem (my window)

--d) 若名詞後修飾 -le(表示by) 
---緩衝音使用 y 

araba-le git -> araba-y-la git -> arabayla git (go by car)

kedi-le oyna -> kedi-y-le oyna -> kediyle oyna (play with the cat)

gemi-le gel -> gemi-y-le gel -> gemiyle gel (come by ship)

--e) 若名詞後修飾 -de/den(表示位置/方向) 

araba-de -> araba-da -> arabada (in the car)

kedi-den -> kediden (from the cat)

araba-si-de -> araba-sı-n-da -> arabasında (in his-her-its car)

kedi-in-ki-den -> kedi-n-in-ki-n-den -> kedininkinden (from the cat´s)

gemi-leri-den -> gemi-leri-n-den -> gemilerinden (from their ship)

[Turkish] Beginner 1 - session 3 (2/3) 次要的母音規則 練習名詞句的母音變化

from  http://www.turkishclass.com/ 

名詞句使用與人稱相同的句尾修飾

Examples:

Both these sentences have the same personal suffix:

1. Ben İstanbul´a gidiyorum. (verb sentence in present continuous tense)

Ben öğrenciyim. (noun sentence in present tense)

Both these sentences have the same personal suffix:

2. Biz Istanbul´da yaşıyoruz. (verb sentence in present continuous tense)

Biz öğrenciyiz. (noun sentence in present tense)

The personal suffix moves after the question suffix in noun sentences in present tense. In negative noun sentences it moves after "değil".

"Sen öğrencisin." affirmative noun sentence.  

"Sen öğrenci misin?" question noun sentence.  

"Sen öğrenci değilsin." negative noun sentence.  

Of course our vowel harmony rules apply here as well and remember to put a -y buffer between two vowels.

Vowel Harmony in i type suffixes:

a or ı is followed by ı

e or i is followed by i

o or u is followed by u

ö or ü is followed by ü

Vowel Harmony in e type suffixes:

a, ı, o or u is followed by a

e, i, ö, or ü i is followed by e

Personal suffixes for noun sentences, present continuous tense and future tense:

單數形 ben : -ım, -im, -um, -üm sen : -sın, -sin, -sun, -sün o : none 

複數形 biz : -ız, -iz, -uz, -üz siz : -sınız, -siniz, -sunuz, -sünüz onlar : -lar, -ler or none

Complete these sentences:

Example:

The question is : Ben öğrenci_.

Your answer is: Ben öğrenciyim.

單字

öğretmen/öğrenci  teacher/student

hemşire/hekim/hasta  nurse/physician/patient
kızlar/erkekler  girls/boys
kardeş  sister

akıllı  smart
iyi/kötü     good/bad
  
değil  not
pek  so
Biraz  some
çok  so
mi/mü/mı/mi  is/are





前面課程曾出現的單字
ev-de  home  
doktor  
okul-da  school
İngiliz
Türk

[Turkish] Beginner 1 - session 3 (2/3) 次要的母音規則

from  http://www.turkishclass.com/ 


次要的母音規則

Flat vowels:	A, E, I, İ
Round vowels:	O, Ö, U, Ü

• If a suffix starting with -i is added to a hard and round word, the -i in the suffix becomes -u.
  • okul --> school [a hard vowel]
  • suffix we will add is -im (gives the meaning my)
  • my school --> okulum [the suffix -im changes according to vowel harmonies and becomes -um]
• If a suffix starting with -i is added to a soft and round word, the -i in the suffix becomes -ü.
  • gül --> rose
  • suffix we will add is -im (gives the meaning my)
  • my rose --> gülüm [the suffix -im changes according to vowel harmonies and becomes-üm]

my telephone --> telefonum

my beautiful --> güzelim

my lake --> gölüm

[Turkish] Beginner 1 - session 3 (1/3) 主要的母音規則 練習補充

from  http://www.turkishclass.com/ 

Dative case: -e, -a (means to)

Locative case: -de, -da, -te, -ta (means in, at, on)

Ablative case: -den, -dan, -ten, -tan (means from)  

gitmek: to go (use dative)

yaşamak: to live (use locative)

gelmek: to come (use ablative)  

I´m going" (gidiyorum)

I´m living" (yaşıyorum)

I´m coming" (geliyorum)

[Turkish] Beginner 1 - session 3 (1/3) 主要的母音規則

from  http://www.turkishclass.com/ 


主要的母音和諧

Hard vowels:	a, ı, o, u
Soft vowels:	e, i, ö, ü

Any suffix appended to a hard word must have hard vowels

Any suffix appended to a soft word must have soft vowels

at home --> evde

at school --> okulda

in the car --> arabada

at the lake --> gölde

[Turkish] Beginner 1 - session 2 (3/3) 母音規則：子音和諧

from  http://www.turkishclass.com/  


母音規則 


2. 子音和諧

a) 字尾音節變音 p, ç, t and k
如果只有一個音節通常不用改變,  如
saç-ı --> saçı (his/her/its hair)

sap-a --> sapa (to the handle)

如果多於一個音節通常會改變,  如
p becomes b

ç becomes c

t becomes d

k becomes ğ

ağaç-a --> ağaca (to the tree)

şarap-ın --> şarabın (of the wine)

kağıt-a --> kağıda (to the paper)

geyik-e --> geyiğe (to the deer)

expect:

kap-a --> kaba (to the container), saat-in --> saatin (the clock´s)

[Turkish] Beginner 1 - session 2 (2/3) 母音規則：當兩母音相遇

母音規則


1. 當兩個母音湊在一起時通常有兩種情況
-1.1  拿掉一個母音
my (-im) house (ev) ,  ´my house´ --> evim.
my (-im) car (araba) ,  ´my car´ -->  arabaım.  因a為硬圓母音,  -im --> -ım
但兩個母音在一起不合理, 接著若 兩母音皆相同  "-i, -ı, -u, -ü" group, 則拿掉哪一個都可以
若  一為 "-i, -ı, -u, -ü" group,  另一為 "a, e, o, ö" group,  則拿掉"-i, -ı, -u, -ü" group的母音
´my car´ -->  arabam 

[Turkish] Beginner 1 - session 2 (1/3) 主要與次要的母音規則 練習

from  http://www.turkishclass.com/ 



infinitive suffixes -mak or -mek
negative suffix -me or -ma

[Turkish] Beginner 1 - session 2 (1/3) 主要與次要的母音規則

from  http://www.turkishclass.com/ 


主要的母音規則

Hard vowels:	a, ı, o, u
Soft vowels:	e, i, ö, ü

一個單字可能不只有一個母音,  判別是軟母音字或硬母音字,  以最後一個母音而定

如包含方向時的後接修飾時
硬母音字 的後接修飾必須為 硬母音,  如 -da
軟母音字 的後接修飾必須為 軟母音,  如 -de
at home --> evde,  at school --> okulda. at the lake --> gölde

in the car --> arabada